Skin whitening is quite controversial in some areas of the world .  The lightness of a person’s skin has often been the cause of prejudice . 

Some of the chemicals that are used for the purpose are dangerous .  Mercury and strong bleaches have been used , although they are not used as often today .

Hydroquinone is still the most commonly chosen whitener .  Though it is thought to be safe and less damaging than some alternatives , it’s used is banned in cosmetics in many parts of the world , including most countries in the EU .  Its use is thought to be accompanied by an increased risk of cancer .

Exfoliation, sometimes combined with the use of retinoids, can effectively lighten age spots or sun spots on the skin .  These take the form of chemical peels and face creams .  They are especially effective for age spots and damage from the sun , while anti aging usually works best with a wrinkle cream.

Some heavily pigmented areas will fade over time , particularly if exposure to UV sunlight is reduced.  Reducing sun exposure, wearing a hat and using a good sun-block is the safest and most effective way to reduce sun spots .

Enzymes that break down melanin (responsible for the skin’s pigmentation) are another safe alternative.  These enzymes are added to many over-the-counter lotions & creams .  One of the active ingredients is bird guano , particularly those from the Japanese bush warbler . 

The most effective skin lightening creams work by inhibiting melanin production .  That is how hydroquinone works . 

There is a recently discovered alternative .  It is a natural extract from the cyperus rotundus plant, also called extrapone nutgrass in many countries.  There are no undesirable side effects to accompany its use.  It acts as an anti-irritant.  So it should feel soothing when it is applied.

If you are sure that you want to lighten your complexion , cyperus rotundus extract is the ingredient to look for.  Just be careful when you go out in the sun.  Use a good sun-block containing zinc oxide and wear a hat whenever possible.

Melanin provides natural skin care protection against sun damage.  Inhibiting melanin production for skin whitening increases your risk of it.